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Alexander III

Pope 1159 to 81. Opposed by Octavius ("Victor IV") (1159-1164), Pascal III (1165-1168), Callistus III (1168-1177) and Innocent III (1178-1180), antipopes.

“Pope from 1159-81 (Orlando Bandinelli), born of a distinguished Sienese family; died 3 August, 1181.”

Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)1

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  1. Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), “Pope Alexander III”. New Advent edition. newadvent.org

Dates follow the Catholic Encyclopedia’s list of popes; for the earliest popes they are traditional. Photo credits.